Liberty Cablevision v. Municipality of Cagu
Case Date: 08/09/2005
Docket No: 04-1597
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No. 04-1597 LIBERTY CABLEVISION OF PUERTO RICO, INC., Plaintiff, Appellee, v. MUNICIPALITY OF CAGUAS, Defendant, Appellant, WILLIAM MIRANDA-MARIN, Mayor of the Municipality of Caguas; TELECOMMUNICATIONS REGULATORY BOARD OF PUERTO RICO, Defendants. Nos. 04-2136, 04-2137 LIBERTY CABLEVISION OF PUERTO RICO, INC., Plaintiff, Appellant, v. TELECOMMUNICATIONS REGULATORY BOARD OF PUERTO RICO, Defendant, Appellant, MUNICIPALITY OF BARCELONETA; MUNICIPALITY OF LAS PIEDRAS, Defendants, Appellees. APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO [Hon. Jay A. García-Gregory, U.S. District Judge and Hon. Jaime Pieras, Jr., Senior U.S. District Judge] Before Torruella, Circuit Judge, Stahl, Senior Circuit Judge, and Oberdorfer,
Eyck O. Lugo-Rivera, with whom Humberto Guzmán-Rodríguez, Eliseo Roques and Martínez Odell & Calabria, were on brief, for Municipality of Caguas. Orlando Fernández, with whom Orlando Fernández Law Offices, was on brief, for Liberty Cablevision of Puerto Rico, Inc. Robert F. Reklaitis, with whom Leslie Paul Machado and Nixon Peabody LLP, were on brief, for Telecommunications Regulatory Board of Puerto Rico. Luis F. Colón-González, with whom Colón González Law Firm, was on brief, for the Municipality of Barceloneta. Enrique R. Siaca, with whom Quiñones & Sánchez, P.S.C., was on brief, for amicus curiae Centennial Puerto Rico Cable TV Corp. August 9, 2005 TORRUELLA, Circuit Judge. These consolidated and conflicting cases present a novel question: whether municipal ordinances which assess gross revenue fees on cable providers for use of the municipalities' "rights-of-way" -- when similar fees are already assessed by the state "local franchising authority" in accordance with the Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984, 47 U.S.C. § 521, et seq. (1984) ("Cable Act") -- conflict with the federal statute and are therefore preempted. We answer in the affirmative, and accordingly reverse and remand the Barceloneta case and affirm the Caguas case. I This appeal stems from two separate cases brought by Liberty CableVision of Puerto Rico -- one against the municipality of Caguas, the other against the municipalities of Barceloneta and Las Piedras -- challenging ordinances which impose a 5% annual fee on Liberty's gross revenues for use of the municipalities' rights-of-way. The Telecommunications Regulatory Board of Puerto Rico ("Board") -- which assesses franchise fees for use of these rights-of-way, 27 P.R. Laws Ann. § 269h, and which has been designated by the Puerto Rico Legislative Assembly as the local franchising authority in accordance with the Cable Act, id. -- was named as co-defendant in these suits. In essence, Liberty argued that the Cable Act necessarily preempts these ordinances because its use of rights-of-way are already accounted for in the franchise fee paid to the Board -- which, as the state's designated local franchising authority under the Cable Act -- is the lawful entity to assess such fees. On March 10, 2004, the district court in the Caguas case
entered summary judgment for Liberty. Liberty Cablevision of
Puerto Rico, Inc. v. Municipality of Caguas, No. 02-2429 (D.P.R.
Mar. 10, 2004). The court held that because Liberty "already pays
five percent of its yearly revenues to the Board, which is the
maximum allowed by the Cable Act, Caguas cannot impose the
additional fee mandated by the ordinance. Therefore, the
[o]rdinance is preempted by the Cable Act as applied to Liberty as
a cable operator." Id. at 17 (footnote omitted). The court also
found the fee unjustifiable under § 253 of the Telecommunications
Act of 1996, despite Liberty's provision of cable modem service,
because the Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") determined
that cable modem service was not "telecommunications service" under
the Communications Act, and because cable modem uses the same
transmission lines as cable television and thus imposes no extra
burden on Caguas.
On July 2, 2004, the district court in the Barceloneta
case
This appeal follows. For the sake of simplicity -- given the parties' dual roles as both appellants and appellees, and given their myriad claims -- we organize the issues as follows: (1) whether the Cable Act preempts these municipal ordinances; (2) whether the municipal fees are nonetheless justified under § 253 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 due to Liberty's provision of cable modem service; and (3) whether the municipalities are entitled to just compensation for the alleged constitutional takings. As always, we review these abstract issues of law de novo. See, e.g., Global Naps, Inc. v. Verizon New England, Inc., 396 F.3d 16, 23 (1st Cir. 2005). II A. Preemption In 1984, Congress enacted the Cable Act, 47 U.S.C. § 521 (amending the Communications Act of 1934, 47 U.S.C. § 151 et seq.), to establish a national framework for regulating cable television. See F.C.C. v. Beach Communications, Inc., 508 U.S. 307, 309 (1993). The Act sought to "'encourage the growth and development of cable systems and . . . [to] assure that cable systems are responsive to the needs and interests of the local community.'" Id. (quoting § 601(2), 47 U.S.C. § 512(2)). That is, Congress, in enacting the Cable Act, "was concerned both with relieving the cable industry from unnecessary, burdensome regulation and with ensuring that cable systems remain responsive to the needs of the public." American Civil Liberties Union v. F.C.C., 823 F.2d 1554, 1559 (D.C. Cir. 1987). To these ends, the Act empowered the "franchising authority" -- which is defined as "any governmental entity empowered by Federal, State, or local law to grant a franchise," 47 U.S.C. § 522(10) -- to impose a maximum of 5% of gross revenues as "franchise fees," 47 U.S.C. § 542(b). Franchise fees include "any tax, fee, or assessment of any kind imposed by a franchising authority or governmental entity on a cable operator or cable subscriber, or both, solely because of their status as such." 47 U.S.C. § 542(g)(1). The term, however, specifically excludes any "tax, fee, or assessment of general applicability (including any such tax, fee, or assessment imposed on both utilities and cable operators or their services but not including a tax, fee or assessment which is unduly discriminatory against cable operators or cable subscribers)." 47 U.S.C. § 542(g) (2)(A). Franchise fees may be passed directly to customers, 47 C.F.R. § 76.922 (2002), and itemized on the customers' bills, 47 U.S.C. § 542(c). The award of a franchise allows a cable operator to use, among others, the public rights-of-way. 47 U.S.C. § 541(a)(2) ("[a]ny franchise shall be construed to authorize the construction of a cable system over public rights-of-way"). "[A]ny provision of law of any State, political subdivision, or agency thereof . . . which is inconsistent with [the Cable Act] shall be deemed to be preempted and superceded." 47 U.S.C. § 556(c). In the case of Puerto Rico, its legislature created an agency -- the Telecommunications Regulatory Board of Puerto Rico -- to be its "franchising authority" under the Cable Act. 27 P.R. Laws Ann. § 265 et seq. The enabling legislation, enacted on September 12, 1996, vested the Board with the authority, among others, to grant cable franchises, 27 P.R. Laws Ann. § 269h ("[t]he Board shall be empowered to grant nonexclusive franchises to one or more cable companies"), and to assess cable franchise fees, 27 P.R. Laws Ann. § 267j(h) ("franchise fees . . . shall be paid in full to the Board as of the effective date of this Act"). On September 25, 2001, the Board renewed Liberty's franchise to operate cable systems in several municipalities, including Caguas (Franchise FC-59), Barceloneta (Franchise FC-41), and Las Piedras (Franchise FC-59). The franchise agreements granted Liberty, among other things, "extensive and valuable rights to operate its cable system for profit using the public rights-of-way and public utility easements within the franchise area." In November 2001, the municipalities of Barceloneta
We now invalidate these ordinances to the extent they conflict with the Cable Act. It is established beyond peradventure that under the Supremacy Clause, U.S. Const. art. VI, cl. 2, federal law preempts inconsistent state law when: (1) "Congress, in enacting a federal statute, has expressed a clear intent to pre-empt state law;" (2) "it is clear, despite the absence of explicit preemptive language, that Congress has intended, by legislating comprehensively, to occupy an entire field of regulation and has thereby left no room for the States to supplement federal law;" and (3) "compliance with both state and federal law is impossible," or (4) "the state law stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress." Capital Cities Cable, Inc. v. Crisp, 467 U.S. 691, 698-99 (1984) (internal quotations and citations omitted); see also Rhode Island v. Narragansett Indian Tribe, 19 F.3d 685, 703 (1st Cir. 1994). "[F]or the purposes of the Supremacy Clause, the constitutionality of local ordinances is analyzed in the same way as that of statewide laws." Hillsborough County, Fla. v. Automated Med. Labs., Inc., 471 U.S. 707, 713 (1985). In the instant case, Congress has made it "unmistakably clear" that the Cable Act will preempt any inconsistent state or local law: "any provision of law of any State, political subdivision, or agency thereof . . . which is inconsistent with [the Cable Act] shall be deemed to be preempted and superceded," 47 U.S.C. § 556(c). See generally Gregory v. Ashcroft, 501 U.S. 452, 460-61 (1991) ("[I]f Congress intends to alter the 'usual constitutional balance between the States and the Federal Government,' it must make its intention to do so 'unmistakably clear in the language of the statute.'") (alteration in original) (citing Atascadero State Hosp. v. Scanlon, 473 U.S. 234, 242 (1985)). Given the clear congressional intent to preempt, our inquiry focuses on whether these ordinances conflict with the Cable Act, and we find that they do. As outlined, the Act explicitly designated the "franchising authority" as the grantor of franchises and assessor of "franchise fees," 47 U.S.C. § 522(10); 47 U.S.C. § 542(b), in exchange for which the franchisee cable operator may use the public "rights-of-way," 47 U.S.C. § 541(a)(2). In Puerto Rico, the legislature chose to designate a state agency -- the Board -- as its "franchising authority," 27 P.R. Laws Ann. § 265 et seq., as opposed to granting that power to its various municipalities like most United States jurisdictions. The Board, in granting a franchise to Liberty, enables Liberty to use the public "rights-of-way" within the municipalities. See 47 U.S.C. § 541(a)(2); Franchise Agreements. Therefore, the municipalities' attempts to assess fees for use of these same rights-of-way are inconsistent with the Cable Act and are necessarily preempted. Our finding is supported by the fact that the ordinances
"stand[] as . . . obstacle[s] to the accomplishment and execution
of the full purposes and objectives of Congress" in enacting the
Cable Act. Capital Cities Cable, 467 U.S. at 699 (internal
quotation omitted). As explained, Congress "was concerned both
with relieving the cable industry from unnecessary, burdensome
regulation and with ensuring that cable systems remain responsive
to the needs of the public." American Civil Liberties Union, 823
F.2d at 1559. We fail to see how a significant increase in
franchise fees -- 3% by the Board
The municipalities nonetheless argue that they are entitled to compensation as "owners" of these rights-of-way. We disagree. It is well established that municipalities possess no inherent powers, as all such powers are derived from the state. See generally John F. Dillon, Commentaries on the Law of Municipal Corporations 1846-1847 (5th ed. 1911) ("As the highways of a State, including streets in cities, are under the paramount and primary control of the legislature, and as all municipal powers are derived from the legislature, it follows that the authority of municipalities over streets . . . depends . . . entirely upon their charters or the legislative enactments . . . ."). The Puerto Rico Constitution, for example, empowers the "Legislative Assembly to create, abolish, consolidate and reorganize municipalities," P.R. Const. art. VI, § 1, which power has been recognized by the Puerto Rico Supreme Court. López v. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, 21 P.R. Offic. Trans. 71, 81 (P.R. 1988) ("our legal order basically embodies the legislative idea that municipalities are exclusively fashioned by the Legislature or are created by the government") (citations omitted). Some courts have recognized that the ownership interest municipalities hold in their streets is "governmental," and not "proprietary," and thus municipalities are not necessarily entitled to compensation. See, e.g., City & County of Denver v. Qwest Corp., 18 P.3d 748, 761 (Colo. 2001) (en banc); AT & T Corp. v. Vill. of Arlington Heights, 620 N.E.2d 1040, 1044 (Ill. 1993); City of New York v. Bee Line Inc., 284 N.Y.S. 452, 456 (N.Y. App. Div. 1935). Moreover, even "when the fee of the streets is in the city, in trust for the public," it is "a mistake to suppose . . . [that] the city is constitutionally and necessarily entitled to compensation." Hodges v. W. Union Tel. Co., 18 So. 84, 85 (Miss. 1895) (internal quotation omitted). See generally Gardner F. Gillespie, Rights-of-Way Redux: Municipal Fees on Telecommunications Companies and Cable Operators, 107 Dick. L. Rev. 209, 212-15 (2002). This is because municipalities generally possess no rights to profit from their streets unless specifically authorized by the state. Id. at 215 (citing People v. Kerr, 27 N.Y. 188, 212 (1863)). In the instant case, Puerto Rico empowers each
municipality to "[e]xercise its legislative and executive powers in
any matter of a municipal nature, . . . subject to applicable
legislation." 21 P.R. Laws Ann. § 4051(o) (emphasis added).
Despite this autonomy, "every municipal ordinance must be in
harmony with [state] government law, which shall prevail in
conflicting situations." López, 21 P.R. Offic. Trans. at 84
(citations omitted). Thus, "[e]ven in matters of a municipal
nature, the Municipal Assembly has no authority to intervene when
the Legislative Assembly has preempted that particular field." Id.
(internal quotation and citation omitted). Here, the Legislative
Assembly created the Board as its sole franchising authority, 27
P.R. Laws Ann. § 269h, and gave it broad powers, 27 P.R. Laws Ann.
§ 267i, including the power to grant franchises and to assess
franchise fees for use of the rights-of-way, 27 P.R. Laws Ann.
§ 267j(h). We therefore find that the municipalities' attempts to
regulate cable companies by charging franchise fees for the rights-of-way conflict with Puerto Rico legislation and necessarily fail.
Cf. Van Meter v. Township of Maplewood, 696 F. Supp. 1024 (D.N.J.
1988) (in the federal preemption context, federal regulation may
preempt local law if the agency intended to exercise exclusive
authority in the area and the agency is legally authorized to
displace local regulation). Moreover, the lack of state
authorization permitting municipalities to charge franchise fees
for use of the rights-of-way
Neither do we find the municipalities' argument that their assessments are of "general applicability," and therefore not "franchise fees" under the Cable Act, persuasive. The House Committee defined a "tax of general applicability" to include: such payments as a general sales tax, an entertainment tax imposed on other entertainment businesses as well as the cable operator, and utility taxes or utility user taxes which, while they may differentiate the rates charged to different types of utilities, do not unduly discriminate against the cable operator so as to effectively constitute a tax directed at the cable system. H.R. Rep. No. 98-934, at 64 (1984) (emphasis added). In determining whether the municipal assessments "effectively constitute a tax directed at the cable system," id., we examine the "revenue's ultimate use, asking whether it provides a general benefit to the public, of a sort often financed by a general tax, or whether it provides more narrow benefits to regulated companies or defrays the agency's costs of regulation." San Juan Cellular Tel. Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n of Puerto Rico, 967 F.2d 683, 685 (1st Cir. 1992) (collecting cases). Here, instead of assessing a general tax for the general benefit of the public, the municipal ordinances target a small group for regulatory costs associated with the "use and maintenance of municipal rights of way." Barceloneta, P.R., Ordinance 16 (Nov. 2, 2001); see also Las Piedras, P.R., Ordinance 16 (Nov. 7, 2001); Caguas, P.R., Ordinance 02A-42 (Feb. 21, 2002). This is nothing short of a prototypical franchise fee. See San Juan Cellular, 967 F.2d at 685. Moreover, given that Liberty already pays the Board a 3% franchise fee for use of the public rights-of-way, we fail to see how the municipalities' more-than-double assessment for the same usage would not be "unduly discriminatory." 47 U.S.C. § 542 (g)(2)(A). Our finding is supported by the fact that Liberty also pays these municipalities license taxes ("patentes") -- which are quintessential taxes of "general applicability" -- for income derived from the municipalities. We therefore find that the franchise fees are not assessments of "general applicability" that would fall outside the purview of Cable Act preemption. For the reasons stated, we invalidate these ordinances as preempted by the federal Cable Act. B. The Telecommunications Act and Cable Modem Service The municipalities alternatively argue that Liberty's provision of cable modem service makes it a "telecommunications carrier" subject to fees under § 253 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, 110 Stat. 56. We are not convinced. The Telecommunications Act of 1996, which amends the Communications Act of 1934, 48 Stat. 1064, as amended, 47 U.S.C. § 151 et seq., "regulates telecommunications carriers, but not information service providers, as common carriers." National Cable & Telecomms. Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Servs., 125 S. Ct. 2688, 2696 (2005). Unlike "information service" providers -- i.e., those "offering . . . a capability for . . . processing . . . information via telecommunications," 47 U.S.C. § 153(20), "telecommunications carriers" -- i.e., those "offering . . . telecommunications for a fee directly to the public . . . regardless of the facilities used," 47 U.S.C. § 153(46), are subject to mandatory Title II regulation. Nat'l Cable, 125 S. Ct. at 2696. Of particular relevance to this case is § 253, which provides: Nothing in this section affects the authority of a State or local government to manage the public rights-of-way or to require fair and reasonable compensation from telecommunications providers, on a competitively neutral and nondiscriminatory basis, for use of public rights-of-way on a nondiscriminatory basis, if the compensation required is publicly disclosed by such government. 47 U.S.C. § 253(c) (emphasis added). The municipalities urge us to follow Brand X Internet Serv. v. F.C.C., 345 F.3d 1120 (9th Cir. 2003), and AT & T Corp. v. Portland, 216 F.3d 871 (9th Cir. 2000), instead of the FCC's Declaratory Ruling in In re Inquiry Concerning High-Speed Access to the Internet Over Cable and Other Facilities, 17 FCC Rcd. 4798, 4802-4803, ¶ 9 (2002), to hold that cable modem service is a "telecommunications service," thereby making Liberty liable for "fair and reasonable compensation" for its use of the "public rights-of-way." 47 U.S.C. § 253(c). This issue has recently been foreclosed by National Cable, 125 S. Ct. at 2688. In that case, the Supreme Court upheld the FCC's conclusion that cable modem service is not a "telecommunications service" subject to Title II common-carrier regulation as a lawful construction of the Communications Act under Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984), and the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 555 et seq. Id. at 2695. As such, we reject the municipalities' argument that Liberty's provision of cable modem service renders it liable for fees as a "telecommunications provider" under the Telecommunications Act. C. Takings and Just Compensation Finally, the municipalities argue that Liberty's use of their rights-of-way constitutes a physical taking subject to just compensation under Federal and Puerto Rico laws. U.S. Const. amend. V; P.R. Const. amend. IV; 21 P.R. Laws Ann. § 4004(e). We need not reach this issue. Even assuming arguendo that this is an actionable claim, it is a quarrel involving the municipalities and the state legislature, not Liberty, and is therefore beyond the scope of this opinion. III For the foregoing reasons, the Barceloneta decision is reversed and remanded, and the Caguas decision is affirmed, consistent with this opinion. |
